What is the organ in the image?
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The organ in the image is the conjunctiva, which is a thin, transparent tissue that covers the front part of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids.

The gross histopathologic finding disclosed the portion of conjunctiva showing a cystic wall lined by a single layer of low cuboidal epithelium with edema and congestion measuring 0.1-0.2 ml in volume. (H & E stain, ×100)

Inflammatory cells were not found in the vicinity ( Fig. 3 , 4 , 5 ) .


What type of cells are lining the cystic wall?
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The cystic wall is lined by a single layer of low cuboidal epithelium cells.


Are there any inflammatory cells present?
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No, there are no inflammatory cells found in the vicinity of the conjunctiva in this image.


What is the difference between the Winnie and wild-type mice?
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The histological differences between the Winnie and wild-type mice in the intestinal sections are related to the goblet cells and their mucin storage. In the Winnie mice, there are fewer goblet cells with smaller thecae (stored mucin) compared to the wild-type mice. Additionally, the Winnie goblet cells show the presence of PAS-positive/Alcian blue-negative accumulations, which are not observed in the wild-type mice. These differences suggest alterations in the mucin production and storage in the Winnie mice compared to the wild-type mice.

Histological Phenotype of Mice with Muc2 Mutations PAS/Alcian blue stained intestinal sections from Winnie and wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Note the reduced size of Alcian blue staining thecae (stored mucin) and the presence of PAS-positive/Alcian blue negative accumulations (arrows) in Winnie goblet cells. L, lumen.

Compared with wild-type littermates , Winnie small and large intestines were characterized by fewer goblet cells with smaller thecae , the presence of PAS positive Alcian blue negative material in the cytoplasm , and a reduction in secreted mucus ( Figure 1 ) .


What is the purpose of the staining?
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The purpose of the PAS (Periodic Acid-Schiff) and Alcian blue staining in this context is to visualize and differentiate specific components within the intestinal sections of the mice. PAS staining is used to detect polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, while Alcian blue staining is used to identify acidic mucopolysaccharides and mucins. By using these stains, researchers can better understand the differences in the goblet cells and mucin storage between the Winnie and wild-type mice, as well as observe any alterations in the intestinal tissue.


What is the role of goblet cells?
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Goblet cells are specialized epithelial cells found in the lining of the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts. Their primary function is to produce and secrete mucus, which is a viscous fluid composed of water, proteins, and glycoproteins called mucins. Mucus serves several important functions, such as lubricating and protecting the lining of the organs, trapping and removing foreign particles and pathogens, and maintaining the moisture and pH balance within the organ systems. Goblet cells play a crucial role in maintaining the health and integrity of the mucosal surfaces in the body.


What is the difference between the images of the depressed patient and the healthy control subject?
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The difference between the images of the depressed patient and the healthy control subject is the presence of hypofrontality in the depressed patient. Hypofrontality refers to decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which can be observed as reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) and glucose metabolism in the PFC, particularly in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). This is a characteristic finding in neuroimaging studies of depression.

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images from a depressed patient showing characteristic hypofrontality relative to a healthy control subject[82].

One of the most consistent findings in the neuroimaging of depression is decreased cerebral blood flow ( CBF ) and glucose metabolism in the PFC , particularly the DLPFC [ 77-85 ] ( figure 3 ) .


What imaging technique was used?
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The imaging technique used in this case is single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).


What does hypofrontality indicate?
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Hypofrontality indicates decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the brain. In the context of depression, hypofrontality is associated with reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) and glucose metabolism in the PFC, particularly in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). This finding suggests that there may be functional abnormalities in the PFC, which could be related to the cognitive and emotional symptoms experienced by individuals with depression. However, it is important to note that hypofrontality is not specific to depression and can be observed in other psychiatric and neurological conditions as well.


What is the yellow waveform representing?
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The yellow waveform represents the unfiltered, source-space projected, phase-locked average waveform resulting from a single equivalent current dipole. This waveform shows the M50, M100, and M200 responses, which are components of the brain's response to a stimulus.

Source space projection and time-frequency analysis. Left hemisphere data from a single participant are illustrated. A single equivalent current dipole was fit to the sensor data and is shown overlaid onto the co-registered MRI scan for the same individual (left). The yellow waveform is the unfiltered, source-space projected, phase-locked average waveform resulting from that dipole (the M50, M100 and M200 responses can be seen in the waveform). In the upper right panel, a time-frequency plot illustrates the transient gamma-band response in terms of power relative to the pre-stimulus baseline. The lower right panel illustrates the PLF for the same data. Note the peak power and PLF centered around 50 ms post-stimulus at 40 Hz.

A single equivalent current dipole ( ECD ) was then fit separately for left and right hemispheres using a spatiotemporal model to the observed data in the post-stimulus window between 40-80 ms , yielding parameter estimates of the x , y , and z ECD position information , as well as dipole orientation and magnitude over time ( see Figure 1 ) .


What does the time-frequency plot illustrate?
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The time-frequency plot illustrates the transient gamma-band response in terms of power relative to the pre-stimulus baseline. It shows how the power of the gamma-band activity changes over time in response to a stimulus.


What does the lower right panel show?
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The lower right panel illustrates the Phase Locking Factor (PLF) for the same data. PLF is a measure of the consistency of the phase of a specific frequency component across trials. In this case, it shows the consistency of the phase of the gamma-band activity in response to the stimulus. The peak power and PLF are centered around 50 ms post-stimulus at 40 Hz.


What does the chest X-ray show?
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The chest X-ray appears to be normal, with no signs of metastatic lesions or any other abnormalities.

Chest X-ray: Normal with no signs of metastatic lesions

Chest radiograph [ Figure 3 ] , ultrasound scan and computed tomography ( CT ) chest , abdomen , and pelvis [ Figure 4 ] did not reveal any metastases or lymph node involvement .


Are there any signs of lymph node involvement?
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Based on the chest X-ray, there are no signs of lymph node involvement.


What about metastases?
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The chest X-ray does not show any signs of metastases. However, it is important to note that other imaging techniques, such as ultrasound scans and computed tomography (CT) scans, may provide more detailed information about the presence or absence of metastases or lymph node involvement in other areas of the body.


What organ is shown in the image?
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The image shows a gross specimen of a left renal mass, which is related to the kidney.

Left renal mass gross specimen demonstrating the renal venous thrombus.

Final pathology for case 2 was primary tumor size 7.6 cm , RCC , clear cell type , Fuhrman grade 3 , stage T3bNxM1 , with negative margins ( Figure 5 ) .


What is the main feature in the image?
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The main feature in the image is the renal venous thrombus, which is a blood clot that has formed within the renal vein.


What type of tumor is mentioned in the context?
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The tumor mentioned in the context is a renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which is a type of kidney cancer. It is specifically the clear cell type and has a Fuhrman grade of 3. The stage of the tumor is T3bNxM1, indicating that it has advanced and may have spread to other parts of the body.


What is the image showing?
<image>

The image is likely a graphical representation of the classification of 47 infants with biliary atresia into groups based on inflammation or fibrosis. The classification is done using differential histological scores or molecular profiling at the time of diagnosis.

Classification of 47 infants with biliary atresia into groups of inflammation or fibrosis based on differential histological scores ≥1 or ≥2 or on molecular profiling at diagnosis.

From the entire cohort of 47 subjects , 14 ( 30 % ) had a differential score of ≥1 for inflammation and 17 ( 36 % ) for fibrosis ; the remaining 16 ( 34 % ) were unclassified due to the differences between inflammation and fibrosis being zero ( Figure 8 ) .


How many infants had a differential score of ≥1 for inflammation?
<image>

There were 14 infants with a differential score of ≥1 for inflammation.


How many infants had a differential score of ≥2 for fibrosis?
<image>

There were 17 infants with a differential score of ≥2 for fibrosis.


What is the main finding in the orbital MRI?
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The main finding in the orbital MRI is bilateral advanced proptosis, which is the abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs. Additionally, there is diffuse infiltration of orbital fat, obliteration of optic nerves, extraocular muscles with fixation of intraorbital structures, and enlarged lacrimal glands. The extraocular muscles show diffuse enlargement, including both tendons and muscle bundles, in a tubular configuration. There is also involvement of the perineural optic sheath.

The orbital MRI reveals bilateral advanced proptosis with diffuse infiltration of orbital fat, obliteration of optic nerves, extraocular muscles with fi xation of intraorbital structures and enlarged lacrimal glands. Extraocular muscles show diffuse enlargement (both tendons as well muscle bundles enlarged in a tubular confi guration), with involvement of perineural optic sheath

The extraocular muscles were diffusely enlarged ( tendons as well as muscle bellies in a tubular configuration ) [ Figure 4 ] .


What does proptosis mean?
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Proptosis, also known as exophthalmos, refers to the abnormal protrusion or bulging of one or both eyeballs. It can be caused by various factors, such as inflammation, infection, injury, or tumors. In some cases, proptosis can be a symptom of an underlying medical condition, such as thyroid eye disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy) or orbital cellulitis. The severity of proptosis can range from mild to severe, and it may affect vision, eye movement, and the appearance of the eyes.


What can you say about the extraocular muscles?
<image>

In the orbital MRI, the extraocular muscles show diffuse enlargement, which affects both the tendons and muscle bundles in a tubular configuration. The extraocular muscles are responsible for controlling eye movement, and their enlargement may be related to the observed proptosis and other abnormalities in the orbital region. The cause of the enlargement could be due to inflammation, infection, or other pathological processes. Further evaluation and clinical correlation are needed to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment for these findings.


What is the main finding in the image?
<image>

The main finding in the image is an aneurysm of the left internal iliac artery, which is protruding into the urinary bladder.

Contrast-enhanced pelvic CT scan showing the aneurysm of the left internal iliac artery protruding into the urinary bladder (transverse view).

The greatest diameter of the aortic aneurysm was 8.0 cm , and the left internal iliac artery 's diameter was 11.5 cm ( Fig. 3 ) .


What type of scan is it?
<image>

It is a contrast-enhanced pelvic CT (computed tomography) scan.


Is the aneurysm in the aortic aneurysm or the left internal iliac artery?
<image>

The aneurysm is in the left internal iliac artery.


What procedure was performed on the patient?
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The patient underwent a thoracoplasty, which is a surgical procedure that involves the removal or reshaping of ribs to collapse a part of the chest cavity. This procedure is typically performed to treat conditions such as chronic lung infections or persistent air leaks in the chest cavity.

Of the 16 patients in the tuberculous empyema group who needed surgery , 4 required decortication only , 10 patients required decortication with closure of bronchochopleural fistula [ Figure 2 ] , and 2 of them needed additional thoracoplasty [ Figure 3 ] .


What was the purpose of the thoracoplasty in this case?
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In this specific case, the thoracoplasty was performed as an additional procedure for a patient with tuberculous empyema. Tuberculous empyema is a condition where pus accumulates in the pleural space due to a tuberculosis infection. The thoracoplasty was likely performed to help manage the infection and improve the patient's condition by collapsing a part of the chest cavity.


What is the organ in the image?
<image>

The organ in the image is the right kidney.

Gross section of Right kidney showing xanthogranulomatous area (arrow)

The cut section of the gross specimen showed xanthomatous area [ Figure 2 ] and the histopathology was suggestive of XPN [ Figure 3 ] .

XPN was subsequently established on evaluation of gross specimen [ Figure 2 ] and histopathology [ Figure 3 ] .


What are the arrows pointing to?
<image>

The arrows in the image are pointing to a xanthogranulomatous area within the right kidney.


What does xanthogranulomatous mean?
<image>

Xanthogranulomatous refers to a type of chronic inflammation characterized by the presence of lipid-laden macrophages, which are immune cells that have ingested lipids (fats). This type of inflammation can occur in various organs, but in the context of the image, it is seen in the kidney. Xanthogranulomatous inflammation can lead to the destruction of the normal tissue architecture and replacement with granulomatous tissue, which consists of immune cells and fibrosis (scar tissue). The cause of xanthogranulomatous inflammation can vary, but it is often associated with long-standing infections or other chronic inflammatory conditions.


What is the color of the mass?
<image>

The color of the mass in the image is brownish-yellow.

Cut surface of the gross specimen shows the brownish-yellow color of the mass, with multiple vessels but without any areas of hemorrhage or necrosis

The cut surface was brownish yellow in color , with multiple coursing vessels and without any areas of hemorrhage or necrosis [ Figure 5 ] .


Are there any areas of hemorrhage or necrosis?
<image>

No, there are no areas of hemorrhage or necrosis visible in the image.


What can you tell me about the vessels?
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The image shows multiple coursing vessels within the mass. This suggests that the mass has a vascular component, meaning it has a network of blood vessels supplying it. The presence of vessels can be an important factor when considering the nature of the mass and its potential for growth or spread. However, further analysis and clinical correlation are needed to determine the cause and significance of these findings.


What are the major tissues obtained from the mice?
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The major tissues obtained from the mice include the heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney.

Systematic toxicity in the SAHA-DDP/PECE treated mice. H&E staining of section of major tissues obtained from tumor beard mice which received two doses of NS, PECE, SAHA, DDP, SAHA-DDP and SAHA-DDP/PECE. Heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney were harvested at day 28 after intravenous injection. (A) Mean body weights on days 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25 and 28 of mice treated with two doses of NS, PECE, SAHA, DDP, SAHA-DDP and SAHA-DDP/PECE; error bars correspond to 95% confidence intervals, Values are means±SD (n  =  10 mice per group).

No difference of body weight was observed among the SAHA-DDP / PECE group compared with the other groups at the end of the study ( Fig. 4A ) .

As observed by two pathologists in a blinded manner , we found that mice treated with SAHA-DDP / PECE showed no slight changes of toxicity to the organ tissues , compared with the normal organ tissues from mice receiving NS ( Fig. 4B ) .


What is the purpose of H&E staining?
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H&E staining, or hematoxylin and eosin staining, is a widely used technique in histology to visualize the structure of cells and tissues in biological samples. Hematoxylin stains the cell nuclei blue, while eosin stains the cytoplasm and extracellular matrix pink. This staining method helps to differentiate various cell types and tissue structures, allowing researchers and pathologists to examine the morphology and organization of cells within the tissue, as well as to identify any abnormalities or pathological changes.


What is the significance of the mean body weights in the study?
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The mean body weights of the mice in the study are used to assess the potential systemic toxicity of the treatments being tested. By monitoring the body weights of the mice over time, researchers can determine if any of the treatments are causing significant weight loss or gain, which could indicate adverse effects on the overall health of the mice. In this case, the mean body weights were measured on various days after the treatments were administered, and the error bars correspond to 95% confidence intervals. Comparing the body weights among different treatment groups can help researchers evaluate the safety and tolerability of the treatments being studied.


What is the main focus of the figure?
<image>

The main focus of the figure is to show the overall survival of patients according to Lauren's histological type of carcinoma, with or without HER2 gene amplification. The data is likely presented in the form of a survival curve or a similar graphical representation, which helps visualize the relationship between the histological type of carcinoma, HER2 gene amplification status, and patient survival over time.

Overall survival according to Lauren’s histological type of carcinoma with or without HER2 gene amplification by dual colour silver enhanced in situ hybridisation.

The Cox regression analysis model showed similar results ( p = 0.0005 ) ( figure 2 ) .


What is the method used to determine HER2 gene amplification?
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The method used to determine HER2 gene amplification in this study is dual-color silver-enhanced in situ hybridization (SISH). This technique allows for the visualization of specific DNA sequences within cells, in this case, the HER2 gene, and helps to determine if there is an increased number of copies of the gene, which is referred to as gene amplification.


What is the significance of the Cox regression analysis model in this context?
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In this context, the Cox regression analysis model is used to assess the relationship between the overall survival of patients and various factors, such as Lauren's histological type of carcinoma and HER2 gene amplification status. The model helps to determine if these factors have a statistically significant impact on patient survival. The p-value mentioned (p = 0.0005) suggests that there is a statistically significant association between the factors being analyzed and overall survival.


What does the chest X-ray show?
<image>

The chest X-ray shows dilated cardiomyopathy, which is a condition where the heart becomes enlarged and weakened, affecting its ability to pump blood effectively.

Chest X-ray showing dilated cardiomyopathy

Severe mitral regurgitation was also diagnosed , and by 3 years , he developed dilated cardiomyopathy ( DCM ) [ Figure 1 ] with heart failure .


What is the condition of the heart?
<image>

The heart appears to be enlarged and weakened, which is characteristic of dilated cardiomyopathy. This condition can lead to a decreased ability of the heart to pump blood effectively, and may result in heart failure.


Is there any other condition mentioned in the context?
<image>

Yes, there is another condition mentioned, which is severe mitral regurgitation. Mitral regurgitation is a condition where the mitral valve in the heart does not close properly, allowing blood to flow backward into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts. This can lead to a decrease in the efficiency of the heart's pumping action and may contribute to the development of heart failure.


What do the opacities look like?
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The opacities in the chest X-ray appear as fluffy or hazy areas in both lung fields. These opacities can be indicative of various lung conditions, such as infections, inflammation, or other lung abnormalities.

Chest X-ray showing pluffy opacities in both lung fields


Are the opacities present in both lungs?
<image>

Yes, the opacities are present in both lung fields, which means they are affecting both the left and right lungs.


What could be the possible cause of these opacities?
<image>

There are several possible causes for the fluffy opacities seen in both lung fields. Some common causes include infections (such as pneumonia), inflammation, fluid accumulation, or other lung abnormalities. It is important to consider the patient's clinical history, symptoms, and additional diagnostic tests to determine the exact cause and appropriate treatment. A healthcare professional should be consulted for a thorough evaluation and proper diagnosis.


What is being compressed in the image?
<image>

In the image, the esophagus is being compressed.

Sagittal T2-w MRI demonstrates compression of the esophagus by anterior osteophytes.

The length of styloid process were elongated on both sides ( right : 29 mm , left : 30 mm ) ( Fig. 4a ) .

Barium swallow test revealed indentations along the esophagus , which were more prominent at C5-6 and C6-7 ( Fig. 4b ) .

Cervical MRI showed anterior osteophyte formations at the same levels which compressed the esophagus ( Fig. 4c ) .


What is causing the compression?
<image>

The compression of the esophagus is caused by anterior osteophytes.


What type of MRI is used in this image?
<image>

The image is a sagittal T2-weighted MRI.


What type of fracture is shown in the image?
<image>

The image shows an avulsion fracture in the context of a hyperextension dislocation.

Avulsion fracture in hyperextension dislocation. Sagittal CT image shows an avulsion fracture at the anterosuperior end plate of C7 (white arrow), with the transverse diameter wider than the vertical diameter. Avulsion of the posteroinferior corner of the C6 vertebral body is also seen (black arrow), which suggests avulsion of the posterior annulus or PLL

Less common CT indicators include : disc vacuum phenomenon and an avulsion fracture of the anteroinferior margin of the involved vertebra caused by avulsion due to the intact Sharpey’s fibres ( Fig. 23 ) [ 23 ] .


Which vertebrae are affected?
<image>

The affected vertebrae are C7 and C6, which are part of the cervical spine.


What are the arrows pointing to?
<image>

The white arrow is pointing to an avulsion fracture at the anterosuperior end plate of the C7 vertebra, while the black arrow is pointing to an avulsion of the posteroinferior corner of the C6 vertebral body. These findings suggest that there may be an avulsion of the posterior annulus or the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL).


What is the scatter matrix showing?
<image>

The scatter matrix in the image is a visual representation of the relationships between different PET/CT and DCE-MRI metrics in adenocarcinoma (AC) of the lung. It displays the correlations between various pairs of metrics, allowing for a quick assessment of the strength and direction of the relationships between them. Each cell in the matrix represents a scatter plot of two metrics, and the diagonal cells usually show the distribution of a single metric. The scatter matrix can help researchers identify patterns, trends, and potential outliers in the data.

Scatter matrix of the PET/CT and DCE-MRI metrics in AC of the lung.

3 ) , AC and SCC at a high level of statistical significance ( ρ = 0.926 , P < 0.001 , Fig. 4 ; ρ = 0.867 , P < 0.001 and ρ = 0.968 , P < 0.001 , Fig. 5 , respectively ) .

3 ) ; for SUVmax and iAUC ( ρ = −0.420 , P = 0.037 ) , SUVmean and Ktrans ( ρ = −0.411 , P = 0.041 ) , SUVmean and Kep ( ρ = −0.045 , P = 0.026 ) , and SUVmean and iAUC ( ρ = −0.512 , P = 0.009 ) in AC ( Fig. 4 ) ; However , for neither in SCC ( Fig. 5 ) .


What are PET/CT and DCE-MRI?
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PET/CT and DCE-MRI are advanced medical imaging techniques used to visualize and assess various aspects of the body's internal structures and functions.

PET/CT (Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography) is a combination of two imaging techniques: PET, which uses a small amount of radioactive material to visualize metabolic processes in the body, and CT, which uses X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body's structures. PET/CT is often used to detect and monitor cancer, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of cancer treatments.

DCE-MRI (Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a specialized form of MRI that involves the injection of a contrast agent into the bloodstream. This technique allows for the visualization of blood flow and vascular permeability in tissues, which can be useful in assessing tumors and other abnormalities. DCE-MRI is often used to evaluate the response to cancer treatments and to monitor the progression of diseases.


What is the significance of the correlations in the scatter matrix?
<image>

The correlations in the scatter matrix can provide valuable insights into the relationships between different PET/CT and DCE-MRI metrics in adenocarcinoma (AC) of the lung. By examining the strength and direction of these correlations, researchers can identify potential associations between the imaging metrics and various aspects of the disease, such as tumor growth, response to treatment, or disease progression.

A strong positive correlation between two metrics suggests that they tend to increase or decrease together, while a strong negative correlation indicates that one metric tends to increase as the other decreases. Weak or no correlation suggests that there is little or no relationship between the two metrics.

Understanding these correlations can help researchers and clinicians make more informed decisions about patient care, such as selecting the most appropriate imaging techniques for monitoring disease progression or evaluating the effectiveness of treatments. Additionally, the correlations can provide insights into the underlying biological processes and mechanisms involved in the disease, which may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies.


What is the main finding in the left-middle ureter?
<image>

The main finding in the left-middle ureter is a nodular soft-tissue density area at the L3 level.

PET-CT scans revealed a nodular soft-tissue density area in the wall of the left-middle ureter at the L3 level, paraaortic and iliac lymphadenopathy and increased FDG uptake in the sternum and right ilium. PET-CT, positron emission tomography-computed tomography; FDG, fludeoxyglucose.

Positron emission tomography-computed tomography ( PET-CT ) revealed an area of nodular soft-tissue density in the wall of the left middle ureter at the L3 level ( Fig. 2 ) .


What other findings are mentioned in the image?
<image>

The image also shows paraaortic and iliac lymphadenopathy, as well as increased FDG (fludeoxyglucose) uptake in the sternum and right ilium.


What imaging technique was used?
<image>

The imaging technique used in this case is PET-CT, which stands for positron emission tomography-computed tomography. This is a combination of two imaging techniques that provide both functional and anatomical information about the body. PET scans use a small amount of a radioactive tracer, such as FDG, to detect areas of increased metabolic activity, while CT scans provide detailed images of the body's internal structures.


What organ is shown in the image?
<image>

The image shows a gross specimen of splenic tissue.

Gross specimen, with splenic tissue being darker in color.

The splenic tissue had a well delineated fibrous encapsulation , separate from the testicular tissue ( Figure 2 , Figure 3 ) .


What is the color of the splenic tissue?
<image>

The splenic tissue appears to be darker in color compared to the surrounding tissue.


Is the splenic tissue separate from the testicular tissue?
<image>

Yes, the splenic tissue is separate from the testicular tissue, as it has a well-delineated fibrous encapsulation. This encapsulation creates a distinct boundary between the splenic and testicular tissues.


What type of tissue is shown in the image?
<image>

The image shows a histopathological section of a disc fragment, which is a part of the intervertebral disc in the spine.

Histopathological findings. Representative images of HE-stained sections of the disc fragment extracted during the operation, showing liquefaction degeneration and granulation surrounding the sequestered disc fragment. Scale bar: 200 μm (hematoxylin and eosin [H & E] × 40)

Consistent with observations during the operation , histopathological analysis revealed liquefaction degeneration and granulation surrounding the sequestered disc fragment ( Fig. 5 ) .


What is the staining technique used?
<image>

The staining technique used in this image is hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining.


What are the findings in the image?
<image>

The histopathological findings in the image show liquefaction degeneration and granulation surrounding the sequestered disc fragment. Liquefaction degeneration refers to the breakdown and disintegration of the tissue, while granulation refers to the formation of new, small blood vessels and connective tissue in response to injury or inflammation. These findings suggest that there is a pathological process affecting the intervertebral disc, which may be related to disc herniation or other spinal conditions.


What are the main findings in the liver biopsy?
<image>

The main findings in the liver biopsy include interphase activity, confluent necrosis, hepatic duct proliferation, and biliary stasis. These observations suggest that there may be some pathological changes occurring in the liver tissue.

In liver biopsy interphase activity , confluent necrosis , hepatic duct proliferation , and biliary stasis were detected ( Fig. 3 ) .


What does confluent necrosis mean?
<image>

Confluent necrosis refers to the widespread death of cells or tissues in a continuous or merging pattern. In the context of a liver biopsy, it indicates that there is a significant amount of cell death occurring in the liver tissue, which may be due to various factors such as inflammation, infection, or other underlying conditions.


What is biliary stasis?
<image>

Biliary stasis is a condition in which the flow of bile is slowed down or stopped within the liver or bile ducts. Bile is a fluid produced by the liver that helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. When bile flow is obstructed or slowed down, it can lead to the accumulation of bile in the liver or bile ducts, causing inflammation, damage to the liver tissue, and potentially leading to other complications. Biliary stasis can be caused by various factors, such as gallstones, inflammation, infection, or structural abnormalities in the bile ducts.


What is the organ shown in the image?
<image>

The organ shown in the image is the liver.

Gross appearance of cirrhotic liver in Wilson disease.

Cirrhosis may be micronodular or macronodular ( Fig. 4 ) , or it may be mixed .


What is the condition of the liver?
<image>

The liver in the image appears to be cirrhotic, which means it has undergone significant scarring and structural changes due to chronic liver damage.


What disease is associated with this liver condition?
<image>

The cirrhotic liver in the image is associated with Wilson disease, a rare genetic disorder that causes excessive copper accumulation in the liver, brain, and other vital organs. This accumulation can lead to liver damage and cirrhosis, as seen in the image.


What is the blue arrow pointing to?
<image>

The blue arrow in the image is pointing to the stenotic right main bronchus.

Fetal MRI SSFSE sequence shows the stenotic right main bronchus (blue arrow) comes from the sloping left main bronchus (red arrow), the position of pseudo carina is low (white arrow).which form a bridging bronchus in type II. LMB, left main bronchus; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; SSFSE, single-shot fast spin echo.

On the coronal view , the carina was obviously lower than the aortic arch , which was located at approximately the sixth or seventh thoracic vertebra ( Fig. 2 ) .


What is the red arrow pointing to?
<image>

The red arrow in the image is pointing to the sloping left main bronchus.


What is the white arrow pointing to?
<image>

The white arrow in the image is pointing to the position of the pseudo carina, which is described as being low in this case.


What is the size of the eyeball in the image?
<image>

The eyeball in the image measures approximately 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm × 1.3 cm.

Gross specimen of the eyeball of the size 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm × 1.3 cm with a gray-white growth attached on the scleral surface, with no involvement of the posterior half of the eyeball and optic nerve

Outer surface of the eyeball was gray-white with prominent vascular markings [ Figure 5 ] .


What is the color of the growth on the scleral surface?
<image>

The growth on the scleral surface appears to be gray-white in color.


Is the posterior half of the eyeball and optic nerve involved?
<image>

According to the information provided, there is no involvement of the posterior half of the eyeball and the optic nerve.


What artery is shown in the image?
<image>

The image shows the left middle cerebral artery (MCA).

Computed tomography angiography showing almost normal vascularity of the left middle cerebral artery.

However , the left MCA showed almost normal vascularity on CT angiography ( Figure 4 ) .


What does the image reveal about the vascularity of the artery?
<image>

The computed tomography angiography (CTA) image reveals that the vascularity of the left middle cerebral artery appears to be almost normal.


What is the significance of the normal vascularity?
<image>

The normal vascularity of the left middle cerebral artery suggests that there is adequate blood flow through the artery, which is important for supplying oxygen and nutrients to the brain tissue it serves. This finding indicates that there may not be any significant blockages, narrowing, or other abnormalities in the artery that could potentially compromise blood flow and lead to neurological issues or stroke. However, it is important to consider the patient's overall clinical context and consult a healthcare professional for a comprehensive evaluation of their condition.


What types of cells are present in the portal tracts?
<image>

The portal tracts contain abundant CD3+ T cells and scattered PAX8+ B cells.

There were also abundant CD3+ T cells (a; ×200) and scattered PAX8+ B cells (b; ×100) within the portal tracts. H&E shows Reed-Sternberg cells (c; ×600) throughout the portal and periportal areas positive for EBV (by Epstein-Barr encoding region in situ hybridization) (d; ×600), CD15 (e; ×600), and CD30 (f; ×600).

Immunohistochemical stains confirmed that the portal inflammation was composed primarily of CD3 + T lymphocytes , interspersed CD20 + / PAX-5 + B cells , and focal histiocytes ( Fig. 2 ) .


What type of cells are shown in the H&E image?
<image>

The H&E image shows Reed-Sternberg cells, which are characteristic of Hodgkin's lymphoma. These cells are large, often multinucleated, and have a distinctive appearance with prominent nucleoli.


What markers are the Reed-Sternberg cells positive for?
<image>

The Reed-Sternberg cells are positive for EBV (Epstein-Barr virus), CD15, and CD30. These markers are often used to help identify and diagnose Hodgkin's lymphoma.


What do the Doppler images show?
<image>

The Doppler images show blood flow in the femoral arteries of both wild-type (WT) and BLTR1-deficient (KO) mice at 4 weeks after wire injury (WI). In these color-coded images, red hue indicates regions of maximum perfusion, medium perfusion values are shown in yellow, and lowest perfusion values are represented as blue. Arrows indicate blood flow in an injured femoral artery. The images are representative of 5-6 independent experiments.

Involvement of BLTR1 in macrophage infiltration and neointima formation in wire-injured femoral arteries. Doppler images: Blood flow in the femoral arteries of WT and BLTR1-deficient (KO) mice at 4 wks after wire injury (WI) was assessed using a LDPI analyzer. In these color-coded images, red hue indicates regions of maximum perfusion, medium perfusion values are shown in yellow, and lowest perfusion values are represented as blue. Arrows indicate blood flow in an injured femoral artery. Photographs are representative of 5-6 independent experiments. H&E: Cross sections of mouse femoral arteries were prepared at 4 wks after WI, and stained with H&E. HMGB1 and CD36: HMGB1 and macrophage infiltration in the indicated neointima were stained with anti-HMGB1 antibody and anti-CD36 antibody, respectively. α-SMA: VSMCs were stained with anti-α-SMA antibody. Images are representative of 5–6 independent experiments. Bottom: LDPI ratio was quantified as the ratio of the blue-to-red pixels in the injured artery (WI) vs. non-injured arteries (Control). Neointima volumes in the cross sections of injured femoral artery were determined using an image analyzer. Numbers of HMGB1-positive and CD36-positive cells in neointima area were quantified, and data were presented as the means ± SEMs of 3-4 independent experiments. **P < 0.01 vs. WT mice.

Likewise , macrophage infiltration into neointima was also markedly attenuated in BLTR1 deficient mice ( Figure 5 ) , suggesting BLTR1 contributed to vascular inflammation and subsequent neointima formation induced by damage associated mediators secreted in the injured vasculatures .


What is the purpose of the H&E staining?
<image>

The purpose of the H&E (hematoxylin and eosin) staining is to visualize the cross sections of mouse femoral arteries at 4 weeks after wire injury. H&E staining is a common technique used in histology to provide contrast between different tissue components, making it easier to identify and analyze the structure and organization of the tissue. In this case, it helps to assess the neointima formation in the injured femoral arteries.


What do the anti-HMGB1 and anti-CD36 antibodies indicate?
<image>

The anti-HMGB1 and anti-CD36 antibodies are used to stain and visualize specific components within the neointima of the injured femoral arteries. The anti-HMGB1 antibody is used to stain and detect the presence of HMGB1, a protein that plays a role in inflammation and tissue damage. The anti-CD36 antibody is used to stain and identify macrophages, which are immune cells involved in inflammation and tissue repair. By staining with these antibodies, the researchers can assess the extent of inflammation and macrophage infiltration in the neointima area, which can provide insights into the role of BLTR1 in vascular inflammation and neointima formation following injury.


What is the size of the mass?
<image>

The mass measures 9 cm in its greatest dimension.

Gross pathology showing an irregular ovoid mass measuring 9 cm in its greatest dimension, with a smooth serosal surface, prominent vasculature, and a 2.5 × 1.5 cm central ulcer (arrow).

Gross pathology revealed a tan-pink irregular ovoid mass measuring 9 cm in its greatest dimension , with a smooth serosal surface , prominent vasculature , and a 2.5 × 1.5 cm central ulcer ( Figure 4 ) .


What does the arrow point to?
<image>

The arrow points to a central ulcer, which is an area of tissue breakdown or erosion on the surface of the mass.


How does the serosal surface appear?
<image>

The serosal surface of the mass appears smooth.


What do the black arrows indicate in the left image?
<image>

In the left axial T2W MR image of the brain, the black arrows indicate the mild prominence of both lateral ventricles.

BESS:
(Left ): Axial T2W MR image of the brain reveals mild prominence of both the lateral ventricles (black arrows) with increased anterior inter-hemispheric distance (green arrow).(Right): Axial T2W MR image of the same infant shows enlarged subarachnoid space along the anterior aspect of the brain (black arrows) with prominent of bilateral lateral ventricles (green arrows). Moreover, the anterior cranio-cortical distance (black arrows) is obviously increased.

CT and MRI without contrast are also important for evaluating the most common complications associated with external hydrocephalus ( 7 , 38 , 39 ) ( Figure 3 ) .


What does the green arrow point to in the left image?
<image>

In the left axial T2W MR image, the green arrow points to the increased anterior inter-hemispheric distance.


What do the black arrows indicate in the right image?
<image>

In the right axial T2W MR image of the brain, the black arrows point to the enlarged subarachnoid space along the anterior aspect of the brain, and the increased anterior cranio-cortical distance.


What type of imaging is shown on the left side?
<image>

The left side of the image shows an ultrasound image.

Ultrasound image (left side) with the corresponding multiplanar reconstructed MR image (right side) of a 55-year-old woman who underwent a previous surgery of the left breast for invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC, pT2N0). After 6 months, a follow-up MR was performed showing a rounded enhancing lesion in the left internal mammary chain (green cross). Second-look ultrasound with coregistration revealed a pathological lymph node.


What type of imaging is shown on the right side?
<image>

The right side of the image shows a multiplanar reconstructed magnetic resonance (MR) image.


What is the green cross indicating?
<image>

The green cross in the image is indicating a rounded enhancing lesion in the left internal mammary chain. This lesion was identified during a follow-up MR examination after the patient had undergone surgery for invasive ductal carcinoma in the left breast. The second-look ultrasound with coregistration revealed a pathological lymph node, which may be related to the patient's previous breast cancer diagnosis.


What does the chest X-ray show?
<image>

The chest X-ray shows bilateral extensive pneumonic consolidation, which means there is a widespread presence of dense, solidified lung tissue in both lungs. This is often a result of inflammation and accumulation of fluid in the airspaces within the lungs.

Chest X-ray of patient with SHS showing bilateral extensive pneumonic consolidation.

Chest X-ray was suggestive of bilateral , extensive , and patchy consolidation suggestive of infective etiology ( Figure 1 ) .


What could be the cause of this consolidation?
<image>

The consolidation in the chest X-ray is suggestive of an infective etiology, which means it is likely caused by an infection. This could be due to bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens that have led to inflammation and fluid accumulation in the lungs. Further diagnostic tests and clinical evaluation would be necessary to determine the specific cause and appropriate treatment for the patient.


What is the age of the patient?
<image>

Viral Sialadenitis. Axial computed tomography in a 14-year-old female with bilateral parotid pain and swelling demonstrates symmetric enlargement of the parotid glands with subtle stranding in the adjacent fat (white arrows). Blood work was positive for parainfluenza virus.

On imaging , classic findings include bilateral enlargement of the salivary glands , fat stranding , and thickening of the superficial cervical fascia and platysma muscles [ Figure 9 ] . [ 1213 ] Although bilateral involvement is seen in up to 75 % of patients , a small minority of patients may present with only unilateral involvement .


What are the white arrows pointing to?
<image>

The white arrows in the axial computed tomography (CT) image are pointing to the parotid glands, which appear to be symmetrically enlarged, and the subtle stranding in the adjacent fat.


What is the diagnosis?
<image>

The diagnosis for this patient is viral sialadenitis, which is an inflammation of the salivary glands caused by a viral infection. In this case, the blood work was positive for the parainfluenza virus. The CT image shows classic findings of bilateral enlargement of the salivary glands, fat stranding, and thickening of the superficial cervical fascia and platysma muscles.


What is the main focus of the MRI image?
<image>

The main focus of the MRI image is a fetus with a double aortic arch at 32 weeks of gestation. The image shows the descending aorta (DAo), arterial duct (D), and left (L) and right (R) aortic arches.

Motion-corrected MRI data from a fetus with double aortic arch at 32 weeks Shown are the descending aorta (DAo), arterial duct (D), and left (L) and right (R) aortic arches. At 2 months postnatal age, contrast-enhanced MRI could show a right-sided arch (middle panel); however, a ligamentous remnant of the left arch was predicted on the basis of the fetal MRI findings (asterisk); this finding was confirmed at surgery (right panel). The distal remnant of the arterial duct—analogous to the diverticulum of Kommerell—is also seen (K). See video 3 for more detail.

Example images from 3D reconstructed data are shown in Figure 3 , Figure 4 , Figure 5 ; appendix p 3 ; videos 2-4 ) .


What is the significance of the asterisk?
<image>

The asterisk in the image is used to indicate a predicted ligamentous remnant of the left aortic arch. This prediction was based on the fetal MRI findings, and it was later confirmed during surgery.


What is the diverticulum of Kommerell?
<image>

The diverticulum of Kommerell is a rare anatomical variant in which an aberrant blood vessel arises from the aortic arch. In the context of the image, the distal remnant of the arterial duct is analogous to the diverticulum of Kommerell. This means that the structure seen in the image is similar to the diverticulum of Kommerell, which is a vascular anomaly that can be associated with a double aortic arch.


What type of aneurysm is shown in the image?
<image>

The image shows a saccular aneurysm of the right peroneal artery.

Computed tomography scan of the right peroneal artery aneurysm.

A computed tomography scan with contrast of the right lower extremity demonstrated a 2.7- × 3.2- × 3.2-cm saccular aneurysm of his right peroneal artery just distal to the tibioperoneal trunk ( Fig 1 ) .


Where is the aneurysm located?
<image>

The aneurysm is located just distal to the tibioperoneal trunk in the right peroneal artery.


What imaging technique was used?
<image>

A computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast was used to visualize the aneurysm in the right peroneal artery.


What does the chest CT show?
<image>

The chest CT image shows bilateral airspace consolidation and ground-glass opacity. These findings suggest that there are areas of increased density in the lung tissue on both sides, which could be due to various reasons such as infection, inflammation, or other lung conditions.

Chest computed tomography revealed bilateral airspace consolidation and ground-glass opacity.

Chest computed tomography ( CT ) revealed bilateral airspace consolidation and ground-glass opacity ( Figure 2 ) .


What is ground-glass opacity?
<image>

Ground-glass opacity is a term used to describe a specific appearance on a chest CT scan. It refers to an area of hazy increased lung opacity, which means that the lung tissue appears less transparent than normal. This appearance is usually caused by a partial filling of airspaces, thickening of the walls of the airspaces, or a combination of both. Ground-glass opacities can be associated with various lung conditions, including infections, inflammation, interstitial lung diseases, and even some types of lung cancer.


What could be the possible causes of bilateral airspace consolidation?
<image>

Bilateral airspace consolidation can be caused by a variety of factors. Some possible causes include:

1. Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can lead to inflammation and fluid accumulation in the lung tissue, resulting in consolidation.
2. Pneumonia: This is a common cause of consolidation, as the infection leads to inflammation and fluid build-up in the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs.
3. Pulmonary edema: Fluid accumulation in the lungs due to heart failure, kidney disease, or other conditions can cause bilateral airspace consolidation.
4. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): This is a severe lung condition that can result from various causes, such as sepsis, trauma, or severe pneumonia, and leads to widespread inflammation and consolidation in the lungs.
5. Interstitial lung diseases: These are a group of lung disorders that cause inflammation and scarring of the lung tissue, which can lead to consolidation.

It is important to consider the patient's clinical history, symptoms, and other diagnostic tests to determine the specific cause of bilateral airspace consolidation. A healthcare professional should be consulted for a thorough evaluation and proper diagnosis.


Is there any pleural effusion visible in the image?
<image>

No, the chest x-ray image shows no pleural effusion.

Chest x-ray, few weeks after starting hemodialysis, showed no pleural effusion. Perm catheter is in place

Follow-up evaluation showed neither recurrence of symptoms nor recurrence of pleural effusion on chest x-ray ( see Figure 5 ) .


What medical device is in place?
<image>

A perm catheter is in place, as indicated in the image.


What is the purpose of the perm catheter?
<image>

A perm catheter, also known as a permcath or a tunneled dialysis catheter, is a type of long-term catheter used for hemodialysis. It is inserted into a large vein, typically in the chest or neck, and is tunneled under the skin to create a stable and secure access point for hemodialysis treatments. This allows for the efficient removal of waste products and excess fluid from the blood during dialysis sessions, which is essential for patients with kidney failure or other conditions that impair kidney function.


What is the main finding in the chest X-ray?
<image>

The main finding in the chest X-ray is the presence of patchy areas of consolidation throughout the right lung and in the left upper zone.

Chest X-ray of a patient at presentation. Patchy areas of consolidation seen throughout the right lung and left upper zone

Chest roentgenogram showed patchy areas of consolidation throughout the right lung fields and left upper lobe [ Figure 1 ] .


What does consolidation mean in this context?
<image>

In the context of a chest X-ray, consolidation refers to an area of the lung where the air spaces (alveoli) are filled with fluid, pus, blood, or cells, making the lung tissue appear more solid and dense. This can be caused by various conditions, such as pneumonia, pulmonary edema, or lung injury. Consolidation can be seen as patchy or diffuse areas of increased opacity on the X-ray image.


What could be the possible cause of these consolidations?
<image>

There are several possible causes for the consolidations seen in the chest X-ray. Some common causes include pneumonia (infection of the lung tissue), pulmonary edema (fluid accumulation in the lungs), or lung injury due to trauma or other factors. It is important to consider the patient's clinical history, symptoms, and other diagnostic tests to determine the exact cause of the consolidations and provide appropriate treatment. A healthcare professional should be consulted for a thorough evaluation and proper diagnosis.


What is the purpose of the pathway shown in the image?
<image>

The purpose of the pathway shown in the image is to provide a systematic approach for screening adult COVID-19 patients admitted to the hospital for the risk of acute heart failure and circulatory collapse. This pathway aims to balance the need for identifying patients at risk while also protecting healthcare workers from virus exposure and preserving personal protective equipment (PPE).

Adult pathway to screen for acute heart failure in COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital. Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; EUC, electrolytes, urea and creatine; LFT, liver function test; CRP, C-reactive protein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CXR, chest X-ray; ECG, electrocardiograph; HDU, high dependency unit; ICU, intensive care unit; TTE, transthoracic echocardiogram; LV, left ventricular.

We suggest the following algorithm ( Figure 1 ) , to better identify COVID-19 patients at risk for severe heart failure and circulatory collapse , whilst balancing the need to protect health care workers from virus exposure and to preserve personal protective equipment ( PPE ) :


What are some of the tests and procedures included in the pathway?
<image>

The pathway includes various tests and procedures such as electrolytes, urea, and creatine (EUC) tests, liver function tests (LFT), C-reactive protein (CRP) tests, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) tests, chest X-rays (CXR), electrocardiographs (ECG), and transthoracic echocardiograms (TTE). Additionally, it involves different levels of care, such as the emergency department (ED), high dependency unit (HDU), and intensive care unit (ICU).


What is the main focus of the pathway in relation to COVID-19 patients?
<image>

The main focus of the pathway in relation to COVID-19 patients is to identify those who are at risk for severe heart failure and circulatory collapse. By following this pathway, healthcare professionals can better assess the patients' heart function and provide appropriate care while minimizing the risk of virus exposure for healthcare workers and preserving personal protective equipment.


Can you describe the appearance of the gross specimen?
<image>

I'm sorry, but I cannot provide a detailed description of the gross specimen without more information or access to the image. However, a gross specimen generally refers to a sample of tissue or an organ that has been removed from the body for examination, usually during a surgical procedure or biopsy. The appearance of the specimen can vary greatly depending on the type of tissue, the presence of any abnormalities, and the specific context of the image. If you could provide more information about the specimen or its context, I would be happy to help answer any questions you may have.


What type of imaging technique is used in this figure?
<image>

The imaging technique used in this figure is aortography, which is a type of angiography that specifically visualizes the aorta and its branches.

Preoperative aortography demonstrating anatomy consistent with the computed tomography scan.

Intraoperative flush abdominal aortography confirmed computed tomography angiography findings and a suitable anatomy for the proposed repair ( Fig 2 ) .


What does the image show?
<image>

The image shows the anatomy of the aorta and its branches. It demonstrates that the anatomy is consistent with the findings from a computed tomography (CT) scan. This consistency helps confirm the suitability of the patient's anatomy for the proposed repair.


What was the purpose of this imaging technique?
<image>

The purpose of the aortography in this context was to confirm the findings from a computed tomography angiography (CTA) and to ensure that the patient's anatomy was suitable for the proposed repair. By visualizing the aorta and its branches, the medical team can better plan and prepare for the surgical procedure, reducing the risk of complications and improving the overall outcome.


What is the purpose of the multi-modal Janus nanoparticulate system?
<image>

The multi-modal Janus nanoparticulate system is designed to combine different imaging and targeting capabilities within a single nanoparticle. In this case, the system is composed of a SPION/MSN core/shell face and an Au nanoparticle face. The SPION (superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle) component provides T2 MRI contrast capabilities, while the Au (gold) nanoparticles enable CT imaging. Additionally, the system is functionalized with a fluorescent dye (Alexa Fluor® 647) for optical imaging and a tumor-targeting peptide (cRDG) for active tumor targeting. This combination of features allows for enhanced imaging and targeted delivery of therapeutics to tumors, potentially improving the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

A schematic representing a multi-modal Janus nanoparticulate system composed of a SPION/MSN core/shell face and Au nanoparticle face. T2 MRI contrast capabilities arise from the encapsulated SPION with Au nanoparticles providing the possibility for CT imaging. As shown in this schematic, the system is functionalised with a fluorescent dye (Alexa Fluor® 647) for optical imaging in addition to cRDG for active tumour targeting. Reprinted with permission from reference [178]. Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society.

The gold interface was modified with a fluorescent dye ( Alexa Fluor® 647 ) and the MSN face with a tumour targeting peptide cRDG ( Figure 15 ) .


What is the purpose of Sirius Red staining?
<image>

Sirius Red staining is a histological technique used to visualize and quantify collagen fibers in tissue samples. Collagen is a major component of the extracellular matrix and plays a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity of tissues. By staining collagen fibers with Sirius Red, researchers can assess the presence, distribution, and extent of fibrosis (excessive accumulation of collagen) in various tissues, which can be indicative of pathological changes or disease progression.

Absence of signs of fibrosis in the left ventricles of 3, 5, 3’ triiodo-L-thyronine treated rats. (top) Representative microphotographs of histological slices stained with Sirius Red of hearts from short-term T3 treated and vehicle-treated rats (red color indicates collagen fibers; scale bar 25 µm). (bottom) Quantitative analysis of left ventricular collagen-positive areas in each of the different animal groups. The positively stained collagen area was expressed as a percentage of the total area. Short-term hyperthyroidism was induced by the daily subcutaneous injection of T3 (500 μg.kg-1) for 1 (T31d), 3 (T33d), and 10 (T310d) days. Control animals were injected daily with the vehicle for 1 (V1d), 3 (V3d), and 10 (V10d) days. Values are means±SEM. P not significant; n= 60 randomly chosen frames from 6 hearts per group (one-way ANOVA)

Sirius Red staining to determine collagen deposition showed no more connective tissue in the left ventricles of T31d , T33d , and T310d rats compared with their respective temporal controls ( Figure 4 ) .


What is the scale bar in the microphotographs?
<image>

The scale bar in the microphotographs is 25 µm (micrometers). This scale bar provides a reference for the size of the structures in the image, allowing you to estimate the dimensions of the collagen fibers and other features in the tissue sample.


What is the main finding in the left ventricles of the treated rats?
<image>

The main finding in the left ventricles of the treated rats is the absence of signs of fibrosis. The Sirius Red staining showed no significant increase in collagen deposition in the left ventricles of the short-term T3 treated rats compared to their respective temporal controls. This suggests that the short-term hyperthyroidism induced by T3 treatment did not lead to an excessive accumulation of collagen fibers in the left ventricles of the rat hearts.


What does the white arrow indicate?
<image>

The white arrow in the chest X-ray image is pointing to an area of mediastinal widening.

Chest X ray - case 2: mediastinal widening (white arrow)

Chest X ray showed a mediastinal widening ( Figure 4 ) .


What does mediastinal widening mean?
<image>

Mediastinal widening refers to an abnormal increase in the width of the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. It is located between the lungs and contains vital structures such as the heart, major blood vessels, trachea, and esophagus. Mediastinal widening can be caused by various factors, such as enlarged lymph nodes, tumors, infections, or aneurysms. It is an important finding on a chest X-ray that may indicate an underlying medical condition that requires further investigation and evaluation.


What is the origin of the mass?
<image>

The mass appears to originate from the posterior costal arc of the eighth rib on the patient's left side.

A computed tomography scan shows that the mass arises from the posterior costal arc of the eighth rib on the patient’s left side and does not involve the medulla.


Does the mass involve the medulla?
<image>

No, the computed tomography scan shows that the mass does not involve the medulla.


What type of imaging technique is used?
<image>

A computed tomography (CT) scan is the imaging technique used in this case. CT scans use X-ray technology to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body, which can help visualize and diagnose various conditions, including the presence of masses or tumors.


What type of imaging technique is used in this image?
<image>

The image is from a multi-modal MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) dataset.

Selected slice from a multi-modal MRI dataset of a patient with Parkinson's disease.

All participants were scanned at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Germany , using a 3T Siemens Skyra MR scanner ( Figure 1 ) .


What is the condition of the patient?
<image>

The patient in the image has Parkinson's disease.


What is the strength of the MRI scanner used?
<image>

The MRI scanner used for this image is a 3 Tesla (3T) scanner.


What is the relationship between the appendix and the right kidney in the image?
<image>

In the image, the appendix appears to be adhered to the right kidney. This is an abnormal finding, as the appendix and the kidney are typically not directly connected or attached to each other.

Gross image of appendix adhered to right kidney.

An appendectomy was performed to allow for complete removal of the fistulous tract along with the right kidney ( Fig. 2 , Fig. 3 ) .


What procedure was performed?
<image>

An appendectomy was performed, which is a surgical procedure to remove the appendix. In this particular case, the appendectomy was done to allow for complete removal of the fistulous tract along with the right kidney.


What is a fistulous tract?
<image>

A fistulous tract is an abnormal connection or channel between two organs or between an organ and the skin. It can be caused by various factors, such as infection, inflammation, injury, or a disease process. In this specific case, the fistulous tract seems to be related to the abnormal adhesion between the appendix and the right kidney. The surgical removal of the appendix and the right kidney was performed to address this issue.


What type of tissue is shown in the image?
<image>

The image shows a metastatic liver lesion, which is a tissue sample from the liver containing cancer cells that have spread from another part of the body.

Mixed adenocarcinoma high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma in metastatic liver lesion (H&E, original × 400). H&E: hematoxylin and eosin stain.

Liver biopsy also showed mixed adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma , high-grade ( Fig. 7 ) .


What type of carcinoma is present?
<image>

The image shows a mixed adenocarcinoma and high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma in the metastatic liver lesion.


What type of stain is used?
<image>

The stain used in this image is hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). This is a common staining technique used in histology to visualize the structure and features of tissue samples. Hematoxylin stains cell nuclei blue, while eosin stains the cytoplasm and extracellular matrix pink. This contrast helps to differentiate various cell types and structures within the tissue.


Are there both chest X-rays and CT scans in the image?
<image>

Yes, the image contains a set of representative sample images that include both chest X-rays and CT scans.

Representative sample images of chest X-rays and CT scans used in the mixed dataset adopted for analysis.

Figure 3 presents a set of representative images used in the analysis .


What is the purpose of these images?
<image>

The purpose of these images is to provide a visual representation of the mixed dataset that was adopted for analysis in the study. By presenting a set of representative images, the researchers aim to give the reader an idea of the types of images used in their analysis and the variations in appearance and quality that may be present in the dataset.


Are these images from the same patient?
<image>

It is not clear if the images are from the same patient or from different patients. The images are representative samples of the dataset used in the study, which may include images from multiple patients. The main purpose of these images is to showcase the variety of chest X-rays and CT scans that were analyzed in the research.


Portray the image with a rich, descriptive narrative
<image>

The image displays a magnified view of a portion of conjunctiva tissue, with a focus on a cystic wall. The magnification is 100 times the original size, allowing for a detailed examination of the tissue's features. The tissue is stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), which highlights the various cellular structures and provides a clear contrast between different components.

The cystic wall is lined by a single layer of low cuboidal epithelium, which appears as small, cube-shaped cells arranged in a neat, continuous row. These cells have a uniform appearance, with their nuclei centrally located, giving the impression of a well-organized and structured layer.

Within the image, there is evidence of edema and congestion, which can be seen as an accumulation of fluid and increased blood flow in the tissue. This is indicated by the swollen appearance of the tissue and the presence of dilated blood vessels. The volume of the edema and congestion is estimated to be between 0.1 and 0.2 milliliters.

Interestingly, the image does not show any inflammatory cells in the vicinity of the cystic wall. This absence suggests that the tissue is not experiencing an active inflammatory response, which might be expected in the presence of infection or injury.

The gross histopathologic finding disclosed the portion of conjunctiva showing a cystic wall lined by a single layer of low cuboidal epithelium with edema and congestion measuring 0.1-0.2 ml in volume. (H & E stain, ×100)

Inflammatory cells were not found in the vicinity ( Fig. 3 , 4 , 5 ) .


Analyze the image in a comprehensive and detailed manner
<image>

The image in question is a comparison of histological sections from the intestines of two types of mice: Winnie mice with Muc2 mutations and wild-type C57BL/6 mice. The sections are stained using PAS/Alcian blue, which highlights specific features in the tissue.

In the image, you can observe the intestinal sections of both mice types. The lumen, which is the interior space of the intestine, is labeled as "L" in the image. The goblet cells, which are responsible for producing mucus, are visible in both sections. However, there are noticeable differences between the Winnie and wild-type mice.

In the Winnie mice, the goblet cells appear to be fewer in number and have smaller thecae, which are the storage compartments for mucin. The reduced size of the thecae is evident by the diminished Alcian blue staining in these areas. Additionally, there are accumulations within the Winnie goblet cells that are PAS-positive and Alcian blue-negative, indicated by arrows in the image. These accumulations suggest the presence of a different material in the cytoplasm of the goblet cells in Winnie mice compared to the wild-type mice.

In contrast, the wild-type C57BL/6 mice display a more typical histological phenotype, with a higher number of goblet cells and larger thecae. The Alcian blue staining is more prominent in these cells, indicating a greater amount of stored mucin. There are no visible PAS-positive/Alcian blue-negative accumulations in the wild-type goblet cells.

Overall, the image provides a clear visual representation of the differences in histological phenotype between Winnie mice with Muc2 mutations and wild-type C57BL/6 mice, particularly in terms of goblet cell number, thecae size, and the presence of PAS-positive/Alcian blue-negative accumulations in the goblet cells of Winnie mice.

Histological Phenotype of Mice with Muc2 Mutations PAS/Alcian blue stained intestinal sections from Winnie and wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Note the reduced size of Alcian blue staining thecae (stored mucin) and the presence of PAS-positive/Alcian blue negative accumulations (arrows) in Winnie goblet cells. L, lumen.

Compared with wild-type littermates , Winnie small and large intestines were characterized by fewer goblet cells with smaller thecae , the presence of PAS positive Alcian blue negative material in the cytoplasm , and a reduction in secreted mucus ( Figure 1 ) .


Describe the following image in detail
<image>

The image displays two sets of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans, one from a depressed patient and the other from a healthy control subject. Each set of scans consists of multiple cross-sectional images of the brain, arranged in a grid-like pattern. The images are color-coded to represent the cerebral blood flow (CBF) and glucose metabolism levels in the brain.

In the SPECT scans of the depressed patient, there is a noticeable decrease in CBF and glucose metabolism in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), particularly in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). This area of the brain appears darker or less vibrant compared to the rest of the brain, indicating the characteristic hypofrontality associated with depression.

On the other hand, the SPECT scans of the healthy control subject show a more uniform distribution of CBF and glucose metabolism throughout the brain, including the PFC and DLPFC. The colors in these scans are more vibrant and consistent, indicating normal brain activity and function.

The contrast between the two sets of scans highlights the differences in brain activity and function between a depressed patient and a healthy individual, emphasizing the role of the PFC and DLPFC in depression.

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images from a depressed patient showing characteristic hypofrontality relative to a healthy control subject[82].

One of the most consistent findings in the neuroimaging of depression is decreased cerebral blood flow ( CBF ) and glucose metabolism in the PFC , particularly the DLPFC [ 77-85 ] ( figure 3 ) .


Give an elaborate explanation of the image you see
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The image consists of multiple panels, providing a visual representation of source space projection and time-frequency analysis for a single participant's left hemisphere data.

In the left panel, there is a co-registered MRI scan of the participant's brain. An equivalent current dipole is overlaid on the MRI scan, indicating its position and orientation within the brain. This dipole was fit to the sensor data to model the neural activity in the left hemisphere.

In the center of the image, there is a waveform in yellow, which represents the unfiltered, source-space projected, phase-locked average waveform resulting from the dipole. This waveform shows distinct peaks corresponding to the M50, M100, and M200 responses, which are time-locked components of the brain's response to a stimulus.

In the upper right panel, there is a time-frequency plot that displays the transient gamma-band response in terms of power relative to the pre-stimulus baseline. This plot shows changes in power across different frequencies over time, with a notable increase in power around 50 ms post-stimulus at 40 Hz.

The lower right panel of the image illustrates the phase-locking factor (PLF) for the same data. This plot demonstrates the consistency of the phase across trials at different frequencies and time points. Similar to the time-frequency plot, there is a peak in PLF centered around 50 ms post-stimulus at 40 Hz, indicating a strong phase consistency at this time and frequency.

Overall, the image provides a comprehensive visualization of the neural activity in the left hemisphere of a single participant, including the spatial location of the equivalent current dipole, the time-locked waveform, and the time-frequency and phase-locking analyses.

Source space projection and time-frequency analysis. Left hemisphere data from a single participant are illustrated. A single equivalent current dipole was fit to the sensor data and is shown overlaid onto the co-registered MRI scan for the same individual (left). The yellow waveform is the unfiltered, source-space projected, phase-locked average waveform resulting from that dipole (the M50, M100 and M200 responses can be seen in the waveform). In the upper right panel, a time-frequency plot illustrates the transient gamma-band response in terms of power relative to the pre-stimulus baseline. The lower right panel illustrates the PLF for the same data. Note the peak power and PLF centered around 50 ms post-stimulus at 40 Hz.

A single equivalent current dipole ( ECD ) was then fit separately for left and right hemispheres using a spatiotemporal model to the observed data in the post-stimulus window between 40-80 ms , yielding parameter estimates of the x , y , and z ECD position information , as well as dipole orientation and magnitude over time ( see Figure 1 ) .


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The image is a chest X-ray that appears normal, showing no signs of metastatic lesions. The X-ray displays the thoracic cavity, including the lungs, heart, and ribcage. The lungs appear clear and well-aerated, with no visible masses or opacities. The heart size and shape are within normal limits, and the ribcage and surrounding bones appear intact and unremarkable. Additionally, the image suggests that there is no lymph node involvement or metastases present in the chest area. Overall, the chest X-ray demonstrates a healthy and normal thoracic anatomy.

Chest X-ray: Normal with no signs of metastatic lesions

Chest radiograph [ Figure 3 ] , ultrasound scan and computed tomography ( CT ) chest , abdomen , and pelvis [ Figure 4 ] did not reveal any metastases or lymph node involvement .


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The image displays a gross specimen of a left renal mass, showcasing the kidney and its surrounding structures. The primary focus of the image is the renal venous thrombus, which is a blood clot within the renal vein. The kidney appears to have a tumor, which is a clear cell type renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with a size of around 7.6 cm. The tumor exhibits a Fuhrman grade 3, indicating a moderate level of aggressiveness.

The image also highlights the stage of the tumor, which is T3bNxM1, suggesting that the tumor has grown into the renal vein or its segmental branches, but the extent of regional lymph node involvement is not determined, and there is distant metastasis. Additionally, the image shows that the surgical margins are negative, meaning that no cancer cells are found at the edges of the removed tissue. Overall, the image provides a clear visualization of the renal mass and its associated venous thrombus, as well as the pathological features of the tumor.

Left renal mass gross specimen demonstrating the renal venous thrombus.

Final pathology for case 2 was primary tumor size 7.6 cm , RCC , clear cell type , Fuhrman grade 3 , stage T3bNxM1 , with negative margins ( Figure 5 ) .


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The image displays a classification of 47 infants with biliary atresia into two distinct groups based on their histological scores and molecular profiling at diagnosis. The groups are inflammation and fibrosis, and the classification is done using differential histological scores of either ≥1 or ≥2.

In the image, there are three sections representing the different classifications. The first section shows the infants with a differential score of ≥1 for inflammation, which consists of 30% of the total cohort. The second section represents the infants with a differential score of ≥2 for fibrosis, accounting for 36% of the cohort. The third section contains the remaining 34% of the infants who are unclassified due to the differences between inflammation and fibrosis being zero.

The image likely uses a visual representation, such as a bar chart or pie chart, to clearly illustrate the proportions of infants in each classification group. The chart may be color-coded to differentiate between the inflammation, fibrosis, and unclassified groups. Additionally, the image may include labels or annotations to provide further information about the classification criteria and the number of infants in each group.

Classification of 47 infants with biliary atresia into groups of inflammation or fibrosis based on differential histological scores ≥1 or ≥2 or on molecular profiling at diagnosis.

From the entire cohort of 47 subjects , 14 ( 30 % ) had a differential score of ≥1 for inflammation and 17 ( 36 % ) for fibrosis ; the remaining 16 ( 34 % ) were unclassified due to the differences between inflammation and fibrosis being zero ( Figure 8 ) .


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The image displays an orbital MRI scan, which provides a detailed view of the eye region. In this image, we can observe bilateral advanced proptosis, which is characterized by the forward displacement of the eyes. This condition is evident in both eyes, indicating a symmetrical presentation.

The orbital fat appears to be diffusely infiltrated, contributing to the overall appearance of the proptosis. Additionally, the optic nerves are not clearly visible, as they are obscured by the surrounding infiltration and tissue changes. This obliteration of the optic nerves suggests a significant impact on the patient's vision.

The extraocular muscles, which are responsible for eye movement, are also affected in this image. They exhibit diffuse enlargement, with both the tendons and muscle bundles appearing larger than normal in a tubular configuration. This enlargement is consistent throughout the entire length of the muscles, further emphasizing the severity of the condition.

The intraorbital structures, which include various nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues, appear to be fixed in place due to the extensive infiltration and enlargement of the surrounding tissues. This fixation may result in restricted eye movement and other functional impairments.

Furthermore, the lacrimal glands, responsible for tear production, are noticeably enlarged in the image. This enlargement may be related to the overall inflammatory process affecting the orbital region.

Lastly, the perineural optic sheath, which surrounds and protects the optic nerve, is also involved in the pathological process. This involvement may contribute to the obliteration of the optic nerves and the potential vision-related issues experienced by the patient.

Overall, the image provides a comprehensive view of the various abnormalities affecting the patient's orbital region, highlighting the severity of the condition and its potential impact on vision and eye function.

The orbital MRI reveals bilateral advanced proptosis with diffuse infiltration of orbital fat, obliteration of optic nerves, extraocular muscles with fi xation of intraorbital structures and enlarged lacrimal glands. Extraocular muscles show diffuse enlargement (both tendons as well muscle bundles enlarged in a tubular confi guration), with involvement of perineural optic sheath

The extraocular muscles were diffusely enlarged ( tendons as well as muscle bellies in a tubular configuration ) [ Figure 4 ] .


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The image is a transverse view of a contrast-enhanced pelvic CT scan. In the image, you can see the aneurysm of the left internal iliac artery, which is significantly enlarged. The aortic aneurysm is also visible, with a notable diameter. The left internal iliac artery's aneurysm is protruding into the urinary bladder, which can be observed in the scan. The surrounding pelvic structures and organs are also visible, providing context for the location and extent of the aneurysm. The contrast enhancement helps to highlight the blood vessels and the aneurysm, making it easier to identify and analyze the affected areas.

Contrast-enhanced pelvic CT scan showing the aneurysm of the left internal iliac artery protruding into the urinary bladder (transverse view).

The greatest diameter of the aortic aneurysm was 8.0 cm , and the left internal iliac artery 's diameter was 11.5 cm ( Fig. 3 ) .


The image is a chest X-ray of a patient who has undergone thoracoplasty. In the X-ray, you can observe the thoracic cavity, which includes the lungs, heart, and other structures within the chest. The patient's ribcage is visible, with the ribs appearing as curved, horizontal lines. The spine can be seen as a vertical column of small, stacked bones in the center of the image.

On one side of the chest, there are noticeable changes due to the thoracoplasty procedure. The ribs in this area may appear differently, either removed or repositioned, resulting in an altered shape of the thoracic cavity. This change is intended to help treat the patient's tuberculous empyema and close a bronchopleural fistula.

The lungs are visible as two large, dark areas on either side of the heart. The heart appears as a dense, central structure, located slightly off-center in the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm, which separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, can be seen as a curved line at the bottom of the image.

The X-ray also shows the trachea, which appears as a vertical, tubular structure above the heart, branching into the bronchi that enter the lungs. The bronchopleural fistula, which was treated during the surgery, is not visible in the image, as it has been closed.

Overall, the image provides a detailed view of the patient's chest after thoracoplasty, allowing medical professionals to assess the success of the procedure and monitor the patient's recovery.

Of the 16 patients in the tuberculous empyema group who needed surgery , 4 required decortication only , 10 patients required decortication with closure of bronchochopleural fistula [ Figure 2 ] , and 2 of them needed additional thoracoplasty [ Figure 3 ] .


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The image displays a gross section of a right kidney, with a focus on a specific area of interest. This area is characterized by xanthogranulomatous changes, which are visually distinct from the surrounding kidney tissue. An arrow is used to point out and highlight the xanthogranulomatous area, making it easier for viewers to identify the region in question. The image serves as a visual representation of the gross specimen, which was further evaluated through histopathology to establish a diagnosis of XPN.

Gross section of Right kidney showing xanthogranulomatous area (arrow)

The cut section of the gross specimen showed xanthomatous area [ Figure 2 ] and the histopathology was suggestive of XPN [ Figure 3 ] .

XPN was subsequently established on evaluation of gross specimen [ Figure 2 ] and histopathology [ Figure 3 ] .


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The image displays a close-up view of the cut surface of a gross specimen, revealing the internal structure and characteristics of the mass. The predominant color of the mass is brownish-yellow, which is uniformly distributed throughout the specimen. This coloration may be indicative of the tissue type or the presence of certain substances within the mass.

Numerous vessels are visible within the mass, coursing through the tissue in various directions. These vessels appear to be intact and well-defined, suggesting that they are supplying blood and nutrients to the mass. The absence of any areas of hemorrhage or necrosis in the image indicates that the tissue is relatively healthy and has not experienced significant damage or cell death.

Overall, the image provides valuable information about the gross morphology and vascularization of the mass, as well as the absence of any signs of hemorrhage or necrosis. This information can be useful for understanding the nature of the mass and informing further diagnostic or therapeutic decisions.

Cut surface of the gross specimen shows the brownish-yellow color of the mass, with multiple vessels but without any areas of hemorrhage or necrosis

The cut surface was brownish yellow in color , with multiple coursing vessels and without any areas of hemorrhage or necrosis [ Figure 5 ] .


The image consists of several elements that provide information about the systematic toxicity in mice treated with various substances.

First, there are histological sections of major tissues from mice, which have been stained using H&E staining. These tissues include the heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney. The sections are obtained from mice that received two doses of different treatments, such as NS, PECE, SAHA, DDP, SAHA-DDP, and SAHA-DDP/PECE. The tissues were harvested at day 28 after intravenous injection. These sections allow for the visual comparison of any changes or toxicity in the organ tissues between the different treatment groups.

Second, there is a graph displaying the mean body weights of mice over time. The graph shows data points for days 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, and 28, with each data point representing the average body weight of mice in each treatment group. Error bars are included to represent the 95% confidence intervals, and the values are expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD) with a sample size of 10 mice per group. This graph allows for the comparison of body weight changes among the different treatment groups over the course of the study.

Lastly, the image likely includes labels and annotations to help viewers understand the different treatment groups and the results of the study. These labels may indicate which histological sections correspond to which treatment group, as well as any notable findings or observations made by the pathologists.

Systematic toxicity in the SAHA-DDP/PECE treated mice. H&E staining of section of major tissues obtained from tumor beard mice which received two doses of NS, PECE, SAHA, DDP, SAHA-DDP and SAHA-DDP/PECE. Heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney were harvested at day 28 after intravenous injection. (A) Mean body weights on days 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25 and 28 of mice treated with two doses of NS, PECE, SAHA, DDP, SAHA-DDP and SAHA-DDP/PECE; error bars correspond to 95% confidence intervals, Values are means±SD (n  =  10 mice per group).

No difference of body weight was observed among the SAHA-DDP / PECE group compared with the other groups at the end of the study ( Fig. 4A ) .

As observed by two pathologists in a blinded manner , we found that mice treated with SAHA-DDP / PECE showed no slight changes of toxicity to the organ tissues , compared with the normal organ tissues from mice receiving NS ( Fig. 4B ) .


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The image in question is a graphical representation of overall survival rates in patients with different types of carcinoma, specifically focusing on Lauren's histological classification. The data is further divided into two groups: those with HER2 gene amplification and those without. The method used for detecting HER2 gene amplification is dual color silver-enhanced in situ hybridization.

The image likely features survival curves plotted over time, with separate curves for each combination of Lauren's histological type and HER2 gene amplification status. The survival rates are compared using a Cox regression analysis model, which demonstrates a statistically significant difference between the groups (p = 0.0005).

In summary, the image visually conveys the relationship between overall survival, Lauren's histological type of carcinoma, and HER2 gene amplification status, highlighting the impact of these factors on patient outcomes.

Overall survival according to Lauren’s histological type of carcinoma with or without HER2 gene amplification by dual colour silver enhanced in situ hybridisation.

The Cox regression analysis model showed similar results ( p = 0.0005 ) ( figure 2 ) .


The image is a chest X-ray that displays the heart and surrounding structures. In this X-ray, the heart appears enlarged, indicating the presence of dilated cardiomyopathy. The enlargement is particularly noticeable in the left ventricle, which has become dilated and weakened. This dilation can be seen as an increased size of the heart's silhouette compared to a normal chest X-ray.

Additionally, there are signs of severe mitral regurgitation, which may be visible as an abnormal flow of blood between the left atrium and left ventricle. This could be represented by an increased density or shadowing in the area of the mitral valve. The overall appearance of the heart in the image suggests that the patient has developed heart failure over time. Surrounding structures, such as the lungs and ribcage, are also visible in the image, providing context for the heart's size and position within the chest cavity.

Chest X-ray showing dilated cardiomyopathy

Severe mitral regurgitation was also diagnosed , and by 3 years , he developed dilated cardiomyopathy ( DCM ) [ Figure 1 ] with heart failure .


The image is a chest X-ray that displays the thoracic region, including the ribcage, spine, and both lungs. In this particular X-ray, there are noticeable fluffy opacities present in both lung fields. These opacities appear as irregular, cloud-like areas of increased density within the lung tissue, contrasting with the surrounding normal lung parenchyma, which appears darker on the X-ray.

The fluffy opacities are distributed throughout both lungs, affecting the left and right lung fields. Their presence may indicate an underlying medical condition or infection that is affecting the patient's respiratory system. The overall appearance of the chest X-ray, including the size, shape, and distribution of the opacities, can provide valuable information to healthcare professionals for diagnosis and treatment planning.

Chest X-ray showing pluffy opacities in both lung fields


The image displays a sagittal T2-weighted MRI view of the cervical region. In this view, you can observe the esophagus being compressed by anterior osteophytes. The compression is more prominent at the C5-6 and C6-7 levels, corresponding to the cervical vertebrae. Additionally, the image shows elongated styloid processes on both sides, which are relevant to the overall context of the study. The MRI image helps to visualize the relationship between the esophagus, the cervical vertebrae, and the anterior osteophytes, providing a clear understanding of the compression and its effects on the esophagus.

Sagittal T2-w MRI demonstrates compression of the esophagus by anterior osteophytes.

The length of styloid process were elongated on both sides ( right : 29 mm , left : 30 mm ) ( Fig. 4a ) .

Barium swallow test revealed indentations along the esophagus , which were more prominent at C5-6 and C6-7 ( Fig. 4b ) .

Cervical MRI showed anterior osteophyte formations at the same levels which compressed the esophagus ( Fig. 4c ) .


The image is a sagittal CT scan of the cervical spine, focusing on the C6 and C7 vertebrae. It displays an avulsion fracture at the anterosuperior end plate of the C7 vertebra, which is indicated by a white arrow. The fracture appears to have a transverse diameter that is wider than its vertical diameter.

Additionally, there is an avulsion of the posteroinferior corner of the C6 vertebral body, marked by a black arrow. This finding suggests that there may be an avulsion of the posterior annulus or the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL). The image also shows some less common CT indicators, such as the disc vacuum phenomenon and an avulsion fracture of the anteroinferior margin of the involved vertebra, which is caused by avulsion due to the intact Sharpey's fibers.

Avulsion fracture in hyperextension dislocation. Sagittal CT image shows an avulsion fracture at the anterosuperior end plate of C7 (white arrow), with the transverse diameter wider than the vertical diameter. Avulsion of the posteroinferior corner of the C6 vertebral body is also seen (black arrow), which suggests avulsion of the posterior annulus or PLL

Less common CT indicators include : disc vacuum phenomenon and an avulsion fracture of the anteroinferior margin of the involved vertebra caused by avulsion due to the intact Sharpey’s fibres ( Fig. 23 ) [ 23 ] .


The image is a scatter matrix that visually represents the relationships between various PET/CT and DCE-MRI metrics in adenocarcinoma (AC) of the lung. The scatter matrix consists of multiple scatter plots arranged in a grid-like pattern, with each plot comparing two different metrics. The metrics being compared include Ktrans, Kep, Ve, iAUC, SUVmax, and SUVmean.

In the scatter matrix, the plots along the diagonal represent the distribution of individual metrics, while the off-diagonal plots show the relationships between pairs of metrics. Each data point in the scatter plots represents a single observation, and the overall pattern of the points indicates the degree of correlation between the two metrics being compared.

The scatter plots reveal strong positive correlations between certain pairs of metrics, such as Ktrans and iAUC, Ktrans and Kep, and Ktrans and Ve. Additionally, there are moderate positive correlations between other pairs, like Kep and iAUC, and Ve and iAUC. On the other hand, some scatter plots show negative correlations between metrics, such as SUVmax and iAUC, SUVmean and Ktrans, SUVmean and Kep, and SUVmean and iAUC.

Overall, the scatter matrix provides a comprehensive visual representation of the relationships between various PET/CT and DCE-MRI metrics in adenocarcinoma of the lung, highlighting both positive and negative correlations between the different metrics.

Scatter matrix of the PET/CT and DCE-MRI metrics in AC of the lung.

3 ) , AC and SCC at a high level of statistical significance ( ρ = 0.926 , P < 0.001 , Fig. 4 ; ρ = 0.867 , P < 0.001 and ρ = 0.968 , P < 0.001 , Fig. 5 , respectively ) .

3 ) ; for SUVmax and iAUC ( ρ = −0.420 , P = 0.037 ) , SUVmean and Ktrans ( ρ = −0.411 , P = 0.041 ) , SUVmean and Kep ( ρ = −0.045 , P = 0.026 ) , and SUVmean and iAUC ( ρ = −0.512 , P = 0.009 ) in AC ( Fig. 4 ) ; However , for neither in SCC ( Fig. 5 ) .


The image displays a PET-CT scan, which is a combination of positron emission tomography and computed tomography imaging techniques. In this scan, several key features can be observed.

Firstly, there is a nodular soft-tissue density area visible in the wall of the left-middle ureter. This area is located at the L3 level, which refers to the third lumbar vertebra in the spine. The nodular soft-tissue density appears as an irregularly shaped region with a distinct contrast compared to the surrounding tissues.

Secondly, the image shows paraaortic and iliac lymphadenopathy, which are enlarged lymph nodes near the aorta and iliac arteries, respectively. These lymph nodes can be seen as rounded or oval structures with increased size compared to normal lymph nodes.

Lastly, the scan reveals increased FDG uptake in the sternum and right ilium. FDG, or fludeoxyglucose, is a radiotracer used in PET scans to visualize areas of increased metabolic activity. In the image, these areas of increased FDG uptake appear as brighter or more intense regions in the sternum (the central bone of the chest) and the right ilium (part of the pelvic bone).

Overall, the image provides a detailed view of the patient's internal anatomy, highlighting the nodular soft-tissue density in the left-middle ureter, lymphadenopathy, and increased FDG uptake in specific areas.

PET-CT scans revealed a nodular soft-tissue density area in the wall of the left-middle ureter at the L3 level, paraaortic and iliac lymphadenopathy and increased FDG uptake in the sternum and right ilium. PET-CT, positron emission tomography-computed tomography; FDG, fludeoxyglucose.

Positron emission tomography-computed tomography ( PET-CT ) revealed an area of nodular soft-tissue density in the wall of the left middle ureter at the L3 level ( Fig. 2 ) .


The image displays a gross specimen, showcasing a clear contrast between two types of tissues. The splenic tissue appears darker in color compared to the adjacent testicular tissue. The boundary between these tissues is well-defined, as the splenic tissue is encapsulated by a fibrous layer, visually separating it from the testicular tissue. The overall appearance of the image highlights the distinct characteristics of both tissues, making it easy to differentiate between them.

Gross specimen, with splenic tissue being darker in color.

The splenic tissue had a well delineated fibrous encapsulation , separate from the testicular tissue ( Figure 2 , Figure 3 ) .